#1: Mary Magdalene – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Over the years I’ve watched this Wikipedia entry grow from a relatively brief description of the saint to a very informative resource. It hits on all of the major threads of Mary Magdalene thought, discusses Gospel references, Gnostic references, and the biggest modern perspectives circulating today. In addition, there are a number of fantastic images that portray Mary Magdalene in different aspects of her legend. The endnotes are very useful, but I found the references to be a bit spare. Regardless, this is a page worthy of the #1 spot.

#2: The Life of Mary Magdalene

I have to say that I’m a little surprised that this page is so high in the search ranking. The page is divided up into sections of Legend, Fact, and Allegorical interpretation of scripture. Included are several of the more common medieval legends about Mary Magdalene (such as those described in Jacobus de Voragine’s “Golden Legend”) as well as some of the newer legends (Mary Magdalene was sitting to Jesus’ right in Leonardo da Vinci’s “The Last Supper”). What troubles me isn’t that so much legend is present, but that the allegorical interpretations of scripture aren’t always interpretations of scripture at all, but interpretations of interpretations of legends of legends. These stories are rich and fascinating, but there is very little in the way of scripture represented. There are no footnotes or references.

#3: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Mary Magdalen

I have to admit that I’ve used this reference page myself a number of times. The resource is very old, taken from the public domain Catholic Encyclopedia published in 1910, but it is still very useful if you are able to sidestep the assumptions of the author that were typical of the time. For example:

“If the foregoing argument holds good [that St. Luke veiled her identity to avoid defaming someone still living], Mary of Bethany and the ‘sinner’ are one and the same. But an examination of St. John’s Gospel makes it almost impossible to deny the identity of Mary of Bethany with Mary Magdalen.”

There isn’t any information in this article that isn’t available elsewhere in a more current form, but it is a handy resource for a quick and dirty look at what the more traditional view of Mary Magdalene was in the Roman Catholic Church pre-Vatican II.

And yes, dear readers, I’m happy to say that Magdalene.org is still among the top 5, making an entry at #4. I’m satisfied with #4 considering that I’ve been such an unreliable webmaster and have gone years at a time without updating my site. Today, Magdalene.org is in the throes of yet another redesign, with large swaths of the site still unusable. It’s getting there, but until then, please keep linking!

What does Mary Magdalene mean to me?

Even considering this question fills me with a vague sense of dread. Not because I don’t enjoy contemplating the question, but because I don’t know how to answer the question. At least, I don’t know how to answer succinctly.

So lets start with the obvious: Mary Magdalene is a figure in the Christian tradition to whom Jesus Christ first appeared following the resurrection. Okay, that’s a good start. Most people won’t argue with that, but it feels far too obvious. It’s like saying “the sun is bright.” Well, duh. Of course it is, everyone knows that, but what does that tell us about the sun?

So maybe a little more: Mary Magdalene is a figure who was held in great esteem as an apostle by some early Christian communities. That’s a little more controversial, but is still supported by the evidence.

How about: Mary Magdalene is an early Christian figure whose identity has been revised countless times over the last two-thousand years, and who often reflects the social and cultural values of a given time and place. A little more obscure, but we’re getting there.

And maybe: Mary Magdalene is an early Christian figure who has recently been caught up in the currents of new-age feminine spirituality, crossing religious boundaries to become an eclectic goddess-figure. Definitely getting a bit further out there, but hey, I call it like I see it.

But none of these bullet points really captures her personal appeal to ME. And really, that’s the problem. ALL of these things lend to her appeal to me, and I have my own personal reflections on all of the above (and more) that further inform her importance in my life. I’m interested in the academic pursuit of fact surrounding her, as in what texts reveal through archaeology and critical readings, and I’m interested in the mirror that she has held up to Western culture for the last two-thousand years. I’m interested in how she has been represented in art, literature and popular culture.

I’m interested in her role in Christianity. I sometimes view her as the founder of Christianity (as Celsus said, the founder of Christianity was “a hysterical woman”), as an apostle, and sometimes as nothing more than a faithful follower of Jesus, with her own dreams, goals, and troubles. Sometimes I enjoy thinking of her as a favored disciple, as an exotic element in Christianity, or as a controversy who followed the early Jesus movement. I rarely imagine her a victim. Maligned, perhaps, but not a victim. She is always strong in my imagination, whether she has been relegated to the back of a room or has been brought up to the front. She is strong enough to stay silent when words would make no difference, and strong enough to shout when she doesn’t care who is listening. Strong enough to show up at the foot of the cross to watch someone she loves executed, and strong enough to show up at the tomb to prepare his corpse for burial.

Unfortunately, none of this comes close to responding from a spiritual perspective, which is where matters get infinitely more complicated. As a person of very diverse spiritual leanings, I can’t say that she’s A or B or C. She is all, and none, depending on the day, depending on the focus of my contemplation. Maybe it would be fair to just say that it’s personal, as well it should be.

If Mary Magdalene is indeed a mirror that reflects the values of the beholder, perhaps one would deduce that I’m scattered; undecided. This might be accurate, but is a negative way to view it. One could also determine that I value pluralism, and that I appreciate the mingling of the sacred and profane, the spiritual and the academic. Life is so much richer, I think, when we can consider opposing ideas!

And maybe that’s really why I appreciate Mary Magdalene. Maybe my “elevator speech” could be that Mary Magdalene is, in my opinion, a fully-realized woman, in all her maddening complexity. She defies categorization, she resists summation, she sidesteps definition. She is a puzzle that continually mystifies and captivates me. And really, does she need to be more?

Here is something worth checking out. In Jerusalem, on the Mt. of Olives, there is a Russian Orthadox church, complete with large golden onion domes, that is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. I’ve never had the good fortune to visit (someday!), and I’ve always wanted to get a better look at it. There are a few photos scattered around online, but nothing fantastic.

Until now, that is.

GoJerusalem.com has just put up a virtual tour of the Church of Mary Magdalene. There is an interior 360-degree view and a view just outside what look to be the main doors. The lovely garden outside makes me feel like I’m sitting on the hill overlooking the city – it’s a magnificent view! Inside (the chapel?), be sure to point the view upward to get a look at the four Mary Magdalene paintings on each wall – two Noli Me Tangere scenes, a crucifixion with MM weeping at the foot of the cross, and my favorite, a painting that appears to be of Mary Magdalene appearing before Pilate in the legend of the red egg.

Be sure to take a look: The Church of Mary Magdalene — Virtual Tour!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_fashion

Now that the definition is out of the way, I can share my discovery: a brand of Lolita clothing called Mary Magdalene.

http://www.marymagdalene.jp/

(The site is in Japanese, but the images still load…)

I’m filled with wonder!

What!? You don’t see the resemblance?

A quick Wikipedia search this morning revealed that the oldest versions of the legend place the children’s removal on June 26th, and that it wasn’t until the 16th century that not only was the date changed, but the rat infestation component of the story was added. It is possible, the article notes, that the disappearance of the children and the rat infestation were two distinct events that became merged in popular memory.

Regardless, this is a July 22nd event that I hadn’t been previously aware of. Apparently there is even a “Ratcatcher’s Day” celebrated on either June 26th or July 22nd to commemorate the work of the Pied Piper.

How very odd.

“Clearly, the legend of Helen is meant to be a Gnostic allegory for the fall of Sophia (which is in turn an allegory of the fall of the soul), but the parallels between Simon Magus and Jesus should also make us look more closely at the parallels between Helen and Mary Magdalene.

Both Helen and Mary Magdalene have represented Sophia’s presence in the physical world; wouldn’t the fact that Helen was incarnated as a prostitute have had some bearing on what was thought of Mary Magdalene’s pre-Jesus life as well? This is a question that hasn’t been fully explored by scholars, but as the studies of Mary Magdalene’s roles in Gnosticism continue, it very well could be the earliest indirect reference to Mary Magdalene as a prostitute.”

Apparently, someone in academia picked up the gauntlet I tossed down in this section in 2004. Here is the first paragraph of the conclusion of a 2007 thesis that very studiously explores the theme I mentioned above as well as the importance of MM’s medieval identity as a fallen woman.

“If Mary was in reality not this paragon of penitence, the contrite whore of the medieval imagination, then who was she? There are numerous possibilities, impossible to verify. If not an actual prostitute, her figure was perhaps viewed as a symbolic whore, the fallen soul and companion to her redeemer figure, an itinerant holy man named Jesus, just as Helen was companion to Simon Magus.”

Mary of Magdala: The Evolution of an Image, by Rachel D. Owen

The thesis is marvelous. Owen’s primary goal is to establish that MM’s medieval identity as a penitent, redeemed prostitute wasn’t necessarily without historical basis. Without scriptural basis, certainly, but neither is there anything to conclude with any hard evidence that she wasn’t a redeemed prostitute. On the contrary, there is circumstantial evidence that MM may have been linked to the harlot identity on several different fronts. Not only was a symbol of the fallen soul, counterpart to Helen, but also as an authority figure appreciated by heretical sects at a time when heretics and independent women were often denigrated as prostitutes. In short, there are plenty of logical ways MM could have landed a bad reputation.

Far be it from me to say that the conversation on MM the harlot is over; I’m sure the controversy is really just beginning now that an eloquent argument with academics who favor a wholesale deletion of 1400 years’ worth of tradition has been presented. The publishing of this thesis does represent significant progress from where I’m sitting though; let’s treat MM’s identities as cumulative layers, one upon the other, instead of random veils tossed at her from various directions.

Big congratulations to Rachel Owen for contributing a brave and articulate voice to modern MM scholarship.

Magdalene.org and The Magdalene Review (this blog) now have a Twitter identity! If you’d like updates on what’s happening with the site, the blog, and Mary Magdalene research in general, please follow magdaleneorg.

You never know, I might even give away some books once in awhile as the mood strikes…

I obtained a recording of a UK television documentary from Demand Five called “Mary Magdalene: Saint or Sinner?” and watched it this evening. A fairly typical documentary, it includes dramatic narration asking all of the sensational questions being bandied about in our post-Da Vinci Code culture, a round-up of experts, and actors dramatizing the topics being discussed.

From the Demand Five description of the show:

As the key witness to the Resurrection of Christ, Mary Magdalene occupies a unique place in Christianity – yet she remains one of the most mysterious women in history. Little is known of her life and her appearance in the Bible centres around two key moments – the Crucifixion and her discovery of Christ alive outside his tomb. After alerting the apostles to his return from the dead, Mary all but disappears from the story.

Mary Magdalene has been the subject of much debate throughout history. For centuries, her reputation was tarnished by the popular perception that she was a prostitute, even though the Bible never refers to her as such.

In recent years, popular fiction has put another spin on Mary’s image, with the theory that she may have been Jesus’ wife and the mother of his child. These stories are influenced by a French legend which holds that Mary travelled to Provence after Christ’s death – but scholars remain unconvinced.

All of the requisite topics are covered: the canonical Gospel references, the Gnostic texts, the “rivalry” between Peter and MM, MM’s demons, Gregory the Great’s official conflation MM with other unnamed women, the lack of support for the “harlot” reputation, MM’s journey to France and retirement to the grotto, speculation on whether she was intimate with Jesus, and more.

In all, I was satisfied with the answers provided by the experts. Most comments were made in a sensible context, which isn’t always the case after an interview has been edited into a documentary format. A few comments seem to stray out of character a bit, such as Tal Ilan asking rhetorically, “was she possessed by demons?” I seriously doubt whether Ilan was wondering if MM was actually possessed, after speculating about physiological problems commonly mistaken for demon-possession during the 1st century, and chalk it up to an effect of editing.

Most interesting about this documentary, I thought, was the repeated emphasis both by the narrator and by the experts that, if Christianity is a religion based on the death and resurrection of Jesus, and if Mary Magdalene was the first witness of the resurrection as noted in the Gospels, we could say that Mary Magdalene is the founder of Christianity. I’ve entertained this notion more than once over the years, but ultimately didn’t try to make much traction with it. So I was surprised to see the idea receiving a serious airing in this show, and was glad it was a perspective being discussed. I think I’ll add “Founder of Christianity” to the long list of roles MM has played in Western culture.

I thought that the following traditional litany, copied from the Catholic Culture website (formatting is mine), would be a fine reading for the day:

According to the tradition of the Western Church Mary Magdalene, who is mentioned in all four Gospels, is also identical with “the woman who was a sinner” and with the sister of Lazarus, though this identification is challenged by the Fathers of the East. She was of Magdala in Galilee, whence her name of Magdalen. Liturgical devotion, to this glorious penitent has been immemorial. This litany is mellow with age; from an old German version this was translated many years ago. Two prayers have been added from liturgical sources, the Secret and finally the Collect from the Mass of her Feast, July 22, which is duplex in Latin Church and has been since end of ninth century, commemorating the Translation of her Relics from Ephesus to Constantinople on July 22, 886.

Lord, have mercy on us.
Christ, have mercy on us.
Lord, have mercy on us. Christ, hear us.
Christ, graciously hear us.
Holy Mary, Mother of God, Saint Mary Magdalene,
Pray for us.
Sister of Martha and Lazarus,
Pray for us.
Who didst enter the Pharisee’s house to anoint the feet of Jesus,
Pray for us.
Who didst wash His feet with thy tears,
Pray for us.
Who didst dry them with thy hair,
Pray for us.
Who didst cover them with kisses,
Pray for us.
Who wast vindicated by Jesus before the proud Pharisee,
Pray for us.
Who from Jesus received the pardon of thy sins,
Pray for us.
Who before darkness wast restored to light,
Pray for us.
Mirror of penance, R Disciple of Our Lord,
Pray for us.
Wounded with the love of Christ,
Pray for us.
Most dear to the Heart of Jesus,
Pray for us.
Constant woman,
Pray for us.
Last at the Cross of Jesus, first at His tomb,
Pray for us.
Thou who wast the first to see Jesus risen,
Pray for us.
Whose forehead was sanctified by the touch of thy risen Master,
Pray for us.
Apostle of apostles,
Pray for us.
Who didst choose the “better part,”
Pray for us.
Who lived for many years in solitude being miraculously fed,
Pray for us.
Who wast visited by angels seven times a day,
Pray for us.
Sweet advocate of sinners,
Pray for us.
Spouse of the King of Glory,
Pray for us.

V. Saint Mary Magdalene, earnestly intercede for us with thy Divine Master
R. That we may share thy happiness in heaven.

Let us pray. May the glorious merits of blessed Mary Magdalene, we beseech Thee, O Lord, make our offerings acceptable to Thee: for Thine only-begotten Son vouchsafed graciously to accept the humble service she rendered. Who livest and reignest with Thee and the Holy Ghost, God for ever and ever.

R. Amen.

May the prayers of blessed Mary Magdalene help us, O Lord : for it was in answer to them that Thou didst call her brother Lazarus, four days after death, back from the grave to life. Who livest and reignest with the Father and the Holy Ghost, Unity in Trinity, world without end.

R. Amen.

Prayer Source: Kyrie Eleison — Two Hundred Litanies by Benjamin Francis Musser O.F.M., The Magnificat Press, 1944

As it happens, it is still true. But more interesting than that is the chart of search and news volume results for the same keywords. The peak of activity in 2004 was the publication of the Da Vinci Code book. The peak of activity in 2006 was the release of the Da Vinci Code movie. As you can see, interest in Mary Magdalene drops off fairly dramatically after that. I believe that the smallish spike in 2007 was due to the “Jesus Tomb” Discovery Channel special.

Google Trends for ‘mary magdalene’

Fascinating!